1) Domination of the Tendons, and Manifestation on the Nails
Tendon refers to fascia, including muscle tendons and ligaments. The tendons are attached to the bones and accumulate in the joints. They are the tissues connecting the joints and muscles, and they aid in controlling movement. The fact that the liver dominates the tendons implies the relaxation and cont.raction of the tendons of the entire body is related to the liver. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that the tendons of the body derive nutrients from the liver. Thus,Chapter 21 in Plain Questions states. "Alimentary qi goes into the stomach ; the essential substances enter the liver ; and nutrient-qi from the liver nourishes the tendons. " Hence, only when the liver-blood is abudant can the mutuient-qi reach the tendons, enabling them to move forcefully and flexibly. Thus Chapter 10 states. "The feet receive blood, so there is a walk; the palms receive blood, so there is a grasp; the fingers receive blood, so there is a grip. "
If the liver is diseased, the deficiency of liver-blood is unable to supply the tendons adequately, causing numbness of limbs, sluggishness of joint movement, impaired extension or flexibility, contraction and spasm of tendons, and tremors of the hand or feet.For the heat-disease, exuberant heat-evil burns yin-fluid and blood, creating a lack of nourishment for the tendons, and causing spasm of the limbs, opisthotonos, lock-jaw, or stiffness of the neck. For this reason, the condition is known as "liver-wind stirring inside. " Chapter 74 in Plain Questions states, "Syndromes characterized by sudden onset of rigidity are related to wind. " Since wind-syndrome is closest related to the liver, there is a saying that "The liver is considered an organ of the wind-wood. "
Because the liver dominates the tendons, which are in relation with movement, the liver is the "foundation of stamina. " "Stamina" refers to the capacity for resisting fatigue. The capacity of movement is attributable to the tendons, so it is called "tendon power. " Since the liver stores the blood, and dominates the tendons, it is considered the source of movement capacity in the body.
The nails include both the fingernails and toenails. TCM holds that the nails are the external manifestation of the tendons; hence, it is said that The nails are the surplus ofthe tendon. " The flourishing and decline of liver-blood usually are reflected in the nails. When liver-blood is sufficient, the tendons are in rich nourishment, and the nails are strong with a bright and lustrous finish. When liver-blood is deficient, the nails lad nourishment, and become pale, soft, thin, withered, deformed, and fragile. Thus Chapter 10 in Plain Questions states; "The liver corresponds with the tendons and has it:outward manifestation in the nails. " Thus, the condition of liver-qi and liver-blood can determined by examining the conditions of the nails in clinical practice. The nail diseasescan be treated by differentiating syndromes of the liver.
2) Opening into the Eves
The Liver Meridian links up with the eye system, and normal eyesight depends
heavily upon the nourishment of livei'-blood. Thus, Plain Questions states: "When the liver is nourished by blood, the eyesight will be normal. " Chapter 17 in the Spirit Pivot says: "When the liver is in harmony, the five colors can be distinguished because liver-qi penetrates to the eyes. " As the liver is in close relation with the eyes, the physio-pathological conditions of the liver are usually reflected from the eyes. Many disorders of the eyes can be cured by treating the liver. Deficiency of liver-blood may produce blurred vision, or night blindness;, insufficiency of liver-yin may lead to dry eyes or dim of vision; flaming-up of liver-fire may occasion congestive, itching, painful and swollen eyes; ascendant hyperactivity of the liver-yang may express itself as visual dizziness; endogenous liver-wind may cause a sideways or upward squint; and damp-heat in the liver and gallbladder may give rise to icteric sclera.
Although the eye is the window of the liver, the essential qi of all other viscera also can be reflected from the condition of the eyes. Chapter 80 in the Spirit Pivot states: "The essential qi of the five zang-viscera and six fu-viscera flow up into the eyes to generate vision. " Thus, at least to some degree, the eyes are in relation with the five zangviscera and six fu-viscera. When the eyes are clear, and have glitter, this demonstrates a physiological state where the essential qi of the viscera is flourishing. Among the viscera, the next closest relationship is that of the heart and kidney, For example, heart-fire may lead to painful and swollen eyes, and deficiency of kidney-yin may cause failing eyesight.

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